Challenges and Limitations In this chapter, we delve into the obstacles that OSINT practitioners encounter, exploring issues such as misinformation, the reliability of open sources, and the potential pitfalls that can impede investigations. Acknowledging these challenges is a critical step towards refining methodologies and enhancing the efficacy of OSINT practices. The Pervasive Challenge of Misinformation Misinformation in the Digital Age The prevalence of misinformation poses a significant challenge to OSINT practitioners. Sorting accurate information from deceptive narratives becomes increasingly complex in an environment where falsehoods can spread rapidly. Disinformation Campaigns Deliberate efforts to spread false information, known as disinformation campaigns, add an extra layer of complexity. Adversaries may strategically manipulate online narratives, making it challenging to discern fact from fiction. Reliability of Open Sources Varying Degrees of Accuracy Open sou...